Tässäpä Hielmille ja muulle VRN:n porukalle ihmettelemistä. Mozzafarian ja Wu pohtivat mekanismeja, joilla maitotuotteet, TÄYSRASVAISET MUKAANLUKIEN, vaikuttavat MYÖNTEISESTI sydänterveyteen ja kaikkinaiseen metaboliseen terveyteen:
Flavonoids, Dairy Foods, and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health A Review of Emerging Biologic Pathways
Dariush Mozaffarian,* Jason H.Y. Wu*Maitotuotteista löytyy monenlaisia kivoja vitamiineja, flavonoideja, probiootteja ym., mutta lainaan tähän vain otteen siitä mitä nuo Stanfordin mainstream-tutkijat sanovat niistä VRN:nkin kiroamista maidon RASVOISTA:
Lainaa:
Dairy Fats
Dietary guidelines generally recommend low/nonfat dairy based on LDL-raising effects of myristic (14:0) and stearic (16:0) saturated fatty acids, underemphasizing positive effects of these fatty acids on very-low-density lipoprotein, chylomicron remnants, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol155 and paying even less attention to potential health effects of the many other fatty acids that comprise the majority of dairy fat (eg, 14:0 plus 16:0 comprise ≤40% of total fatty acids in cow, sheep, and goat’s milk).156 These include mediumchain saturated fats (MCSFA) (between 6 and 12 carbons, ie, 6:0–12:0), odd-chain saturated fats (15:0, 17:0), monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3), branched-chain saturated fats, and trace amounts of natural (ruminant) trans fats (eg, transpalmitoleic acid, trans16:1n-7).156–158 Dairy fat is also a source of phospholipids (milk fat globule membrane) and fat-soluble vitamins including D, K, and K2 (produced during fermentation; see below). MCSFA, representing ≈6% to 17% of dairy milk fatty acids, have different molecular and metabolic activities than longer chain fatty acids. For example, whereas longer chain saturated fats (16:0 and 18:0) activated NF-κB and decreased insulin sensitivity in cultured skeletal muscle cells, the MCSFA 8:0 and 12:0 did not.159 MCSFA also enhanced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and reduced lipid accumulation in cultured muscle cells relative to 16:0.160 These effects may account for observed reductions in body fat accumulation and insulin resistance in animals fed high MCSFA versus longer chain saturated fats.160,161 On the contrary, relative to a low-fat control diet, high-fat feeding with MCSFA enhanced hepatic de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride accumulation and reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity, in animal models.161,162 Induction of hepatic lipogenesis could be because of MCSFA activation and signaling via liver X receptor-α.163 Notably, many of the prior animal experiments examining MCSFA were obesity models and also focused on fruit (coconut) sources, and, thus, the metabolic effects of dairy-derived MCSFA under eucaloric conditions (eg, substituting for other types of dietary fatty acids) remain unclear. The biological effects of trans-16:1n-7, branched-chain saturated fats, and odd-chain saturated fats have received relatively little attention. It has been hypothesized164 that dietary trans-16:1n-7 could exert similar effects as dietary cis-16:1n-7, which when consumed in the diet or produced outside the liver seems to act in a negative feedback loop to ity, and reduce inflammation,165–169 with corresponding risk factor improvements in one human trial.170 In cultured INS-1 β cells, treatment with trans-16:1n-7 activated PPAR-γ and the transcription factor PDX-1 (pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1).171 Yet, relevance of such effects on glucose–insulin homeostasis and other molecular effects of trans-16:1n-7 remain unknown. Potential mechanisms of branched-chain saturated fats also remain little explored. A branched chain FA (15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid) exhibited similar effects on PPAR-γ and PDX-1 as trans-16:1n-7 in cultured INS-1 β cells under basal conditions, and additionally countered high glucose mediated suppression of PDX-1.171 Intake of branched-chain saturated fats is not insubstantial—with estimated average at ≈500 mg/d in the United States (primarily from dairy and beef products),158 compared with between 125 and 160 mg/d for seafood-derived long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fats.172 These findings highlight the potential quantitative importance of dietary intake of branched-chain saturated fats and the need to further assess their biological functions. Odd-chain saturated fats from dairy fat are incorporated into a range of tissues including blood, liver, and adipose.173,174 In addition to serving as an energy source via β-oxidation, other metabolic functions have been proposed such as enabling replenishment of the citric acid cycle and improving mitochondrial function,174 but such hypotheses remain to be tested in rigorous experimental investigations.
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