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After the experiment, the group consuming a low carb diet saw a significantly greater decrease in body mass. The low carb group reduced their weight by almost six kilos, while the high carb group lost close to a kilo.

There were also more beneficial changes in body fat for participants on a low carb diet. Those consuming it had a 5.2 per cent decrease in body fat, compared to a reduction of 0.7 per cent in the high carb group.

In terms of performance, exercise testing revealed that the low carb diet group increased power during training and fat burning, as evidenced by elevated levels of the ketone body beta-hydroxybuyrate in low carb participants at week 12.

The findings suggest that, in people with high physical activity, consuming a low-carb, ketogenic diet can lead to more beneficial changes in body weight and body composition, while ramping up the body's ability to burn fat.

Results
The LCKD group experienced a significantly greater decrease in body mass (HC -0.8 kg, LCKD -5.9 kg; P = 0.009, effect size (ES): 0.338) and percentage body fat percentage (HC -0.7%, LCKD -5.2%; P = 0.008, ES: 0.346). Fasting serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) significantly increased from 0.1 at baseline to 0.5 mmol/L in the LCKD group (P = 0.011, ES: 0.403) in week 12. There was no significant change in performance of the 100 km TT between groups (HC -1.13 min.sec, LCKD -4.07 min.sec, P = 0.057, ES: 0.196). SS sprint peak power increased by 0.8 watts per kilogram bodyweight (w/kg) in the LCKD group, versus a -0.1 w/kg reduction in the HC group (P = 0.025, ES: 0.263). CPT peak power decreased by -0.7w/kg in the HC group, and increased by 1.4 w/kg in the LCKD group (P = 0.047, ES: 0.212). Fat oxidation in the LCKD group was significantly greater throughout the 100km TT.

Conclusions
Compared to a HC comparison group, a 12-week period of keto-adaptation and exercise training, enhanced body composition, fat oxidation during exercise, and specific measures of performance relevant to competitive endurance athletes.